· Every name is called a noun,
As field and fountain,
street and town.
· In place of noun the pronoun stands,
As
he and she can clap their hands.
· The adjective describes a thing,
As
magic wand or bridal ring.
· Most verbs mean action, something done,
To
read and write, to jump and run.
· How things are done the adverbs tell,
As quickly,
slowly, badly, well.
· The preposition shows relation,
As
in the street or at the station.
· Conjunctions join, in many ways,
Sentences,
words, or phrase and phrase.
· The interjection cries out, “Heed!
· An exclamation point must follow
me!”
Nouns
Nouns are divided into common nouns and proper
nouns.
Common nouns are words for people, animals, places,
or things. Examples-bag, kite
Proper nouns are names for particular people, places
or
things. They always begin with a capital
letter.
Examples- American, Indian.
· The names of mountains, seas, rivers and
lakes are
proper nouns.
· The days of the week and months of the
year are proper
nouns.
Pronouns
A pronoun is
a word that takes the place of a common
noun or a proper noun. There are
different kinds of pronouns
Personal Pronouns
· The words I, you, he,
she, it, we and
they are called
personal pronouns. They take the place of nouns and
are used as the subject of the verb in a sentence.
· The words me, you, him,
her, it, us and
them are also
personal pronouns. They also take the
place of nouns.
These pronouns are used as the object of the verb in a
sentence.
Reflexive Pronouns
· The words myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
ourselves, yourselves and themselves are called
reflexive pronouns.
· They refer to the person or
animal that is the subject of
the verb.
Interrogative Pronouns
· The words who, whom, whose,
what and which
are
called interrogative pronouns.
These pronouns are used to ask questions.
Demonstrative Pronouns
· The words this, these, that and those are called
demonstrative pronouns. They are showing words
Adjectives
· An adjective is
a describing word. It tells you more about
a noun. An adjective usually appears
before the noun
it describes. Sometimes, though, the
adjective appears
after the noun, later in the sentence.
|
Examples- a busy street,a
dark corner,a deep sea,a large bed
|
Adjectives have different endings.
Some adjectives end in -ful or -less.
|
Examples a beautiful dress, a careless driver, a faithful dog
a harmless
insect, a useful tool.
|
Some adjectives end in -y.
|
a dirty
street, a noisy room, an oily pot, a sleepy passenger
a sunny
day
|
Some adjectives end in -ive.
|
an active child, an attractive hat, a creative toy
|
Some adjectives end in -ly.
|
a costly diamond ringan elderly womanlively kittens
a lonely boya lovely girla weekly magazine
|
Here are some adjectives with the
endings -able, -al,
-en,
-ible, -ish
and -ous.
|
childish behavior a national costume
a comfortable chair a musical instrument
a dangerous place a terrible mess
a foolish act a woolen sweater
a horrible smell a wooden table
|
Kinds of Adjectives
There are different kinds of adjectives.
· Some adjectives describe the qualities of nouns.
· Some adjectives tell you which place or
country a person
or thing comes from, or belongs to. They
are called
adjectives of origin.
· Some adjectives tell you the color of things.
· Some adjectives tell you the size of the nouns they
describe
· Numbers are adjectives, too. They tell you how
many
people, animals, or things there are. Sometimes they are
called adjectives
of quantity.
· Other adjectives tell you something
about quantity
without giving you the exact number
Determiners
Determiners are words such as this, those, my,
their,
which. They are special adjectives that are used before
nouns.
The Articles
· The words a, an
and the belong
to this group of words
called determiners.
· The words a and an
are called indefinite articles. You
can use them with singular nouns to talk
about any
single person or thing.
· The article an is usually used before words
beginning with vowels. The article a is
used
before words beginning with consonants
·
The
word the is called the definite article. Use the
before a noun when you are talking about
a certain
person or thing.
Demonstrative Determiners
The words this, that, these and
those are determiners.
They are used to tell which thing or
person you mean.
These words are called demonstrative determiners, or
demonstrative adjectives.
Interrogative Determiners
Use the words what, which
and whose before
nouns
to ask about people or things. These
words are called
interrogative determiners or interrrogative adjectives
Possessive Determiners
The words my, your, his,
her, its, our,
their are called
possessive determiners or posessive adjectives. Use
these words before nouns to say who
something
belongs to.
Verbs and Tenses
Most verbs are
action words. They tell you what people,
animals or things are doing.
The Simple Present Tense
The simple present tense expresses a general truth or
a customary action.
|
Examples:
The sun rises in the east.
Ducks love water.
Mary enjoys singing.
Peter sometimes lends me his bike.
Cows eat grass.
Monkeys like bananas.
|
Am, Is and Are
· The words am, is, are are also verbs, but they are
not
action words. They are the simple
present tense of the
verb be.
· Use am with the pronoun I, and is with the pronouns he,
she and it.
·
Use are with the pronouns you, we and they.
· Use the verb is with singular nouns and are with
plural
nouns.
· Use is and
are with the word there to
say what you can
see and hear
The Present Progressive Tense
When do you use the present progressive tense? To talk
about actions in the present, or things
that are still going
on or happening now.
Have and Has
The verbs have and has
are used to say what people own
or possess. They are also used to talk
about things that
people do or get, such as illnesses.
These words are the
simple present tense of the verb have.
The Present Perfect Tense
Use the present perfect tense to talk about happenings
in the past that explain or affect the
present. The verbs
have and has
are used as “helping” or auxiliary verbs
to
form the present perfect tense.
|
Examples:
Sam
has
scored two goals.
I’ve just finished my
shower.
Uncle
Tom has lost
his wallet.
John
has gone
out.
|
· To form the present perfect tense join have or
has to the past participle of the verb:
have + past participle
has + past participle
The past participle of a regular verb usually ends in -ed,
just like the simple past tense. But the
past participles of
irregular verbs don’t follow this rule.
The Simple Past Tense
Use the simple past tense to talk about things that
happened in the past. The simple past
tense is also
used to talk about things that happened
in stories.
|
Examples:
Ram bought a
new camera last week.
Joe learned to play the guitar very quickly.
We drove to the safari park last weekend.
The giant panda gave birth to a cub last night.
|
Regular and Irregular Verbs
The simple past tense of most verbs ends
in -ed. These
verbs are called regular verbs.
The simple past form of some verbs does
not end in -ed.
Such verbs are called irregular verbs.
Was and Were
The verbs was and were
are also forms of the verb be.
Was is the simple past tense of am and
is. Use was
with
the pronouns I, he, she and
it, and with singular nouns
The Past Progressive Tense
Use the past progressive tense to talk about actions that
were going on at a certain moment in the
past.
The Future Tense
· Use the future tense for things that have not happened
yet, but are going to happen.
·
Use
the verbs shall and will as
helping verbs or auxiliary verbs to form the future tense
|
Example:
We shall play a
game of chess after lunch.
You
will be sick
if you eat too much.
I
hope it won’t
rain tomorrow.
Use
shall or
will with
I and
we.
Use
will with
you,
he,
she,
it and
they
|
Can and Could
The verbs can and could
are both helping or auxiliary
verbs. Use can
and could to
talk about people’s ability
to do things.
Can and could
are used with the pronouns I, you, he,
she, it, we and
they, and with singular or
plural nouns.
Could is the past tense of can
May and Might
· May and might
are helping or
auxiliary verbs, too
Use may to ask if you are allowed to do
something,
or to give someone permission to do something
· May is also used to talk about things that are likely to
happen.
· Might is used as the past tense of may.
Do, Does and Did
· Use do,
does and did
to talk about actions.
· Use do with
the pronouns I, you,
we and they, and with
plural nouns.
Use does with the pronouns he,
she and it,
and singular
nouns.
·
Did
is the simple past tense of do
and does
You can also use do, does and
did as helping
verbs to
ask and answer questions
· Use do not,
does not and did not to
make other verbs
negative.
Would and Should
· The verb would is another helping or
auxiliary verb.
Use would as the past tense of will.
· Should is a helping
or auxiliary verb. Use should
to
talk about necessary actions or things that people
ought to do
Subject-Verb Agreement
When you write a sentence you must make
sure that the
subject and the verb agree.
If the subject is a singular noun, or the pronoun he, she
or it,
you need a singular
verb.
Adverbs
An adverb is
a word that describes a verb. It tells you
about an action, or the way something is
done.
A lot of adverbs end in -ly.
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The dog is barking fiercely.
Alice skated beautifully.
The Prince and the Princess
lived happily ever after
|
.
Many adverbs are made by adding –ly to
adjectives
Some adverbs describe the way something
is done.
|
They are called adverbs of manner
Please write legibly.
Please speak clearly.
Look closely at these footprints
|
.
Some adverbs describe when something
happens.
They are called adverbs of time.
|
He often
swims in the evening.
Lisa is always
cheerful.
Sometimes I ride my bike to school
|
Some adverbs tell you where something
happens. They
are called adverbs of place.
|
Example:
The children areplaying downstairs
It’s raining. Let’s go inside
|
Prepositions
· A preposition is a word that connects one thing with
another, showing how they are related.
·
Some
prepositions tell you about position
or place.
· A preposition is usually followed by a noun or pronoun.
|
Example:
We get up in the morning.
We go to bed at night.
It’s always hot in summer.
It has not rained at all for two weeks.
|
Conjunctions
A conjunction is a linking word such as and,
or, but.
Conjunctions are used to connect words
or sentences
The words before, after, as,
when, while, until,
since,
are also conjunctions. They tell when
something
happens, so they are called conjunctions of time.
Interjections
An interjection is a word that expresses a sudden, strong
feeling such as surprise, pain,
or pleasure.
Sentences
What is a Sentence?
A sentence is a group of words that
expresses a
complete thought. A sentence
must have a subject
and a verb, but it may or may not have
an object.
A sentence that makes
a statement begins
with a capital letter and
ends with a period.
Kinds of Sentences
There are four kinds of sentences.
A declarative sentence makes a statement.
An interrogative sentence asks a question
An exclamatory sentence expresses strong emotion
An imperative sentence gives an order.
The Imperative
Use the base form of a verb to give commands or
make direct requests. This use of the
verb is called the
imperative.
The Subject and the Object
The subject of
a sentence sometimes does something
to someone or something else.
The person or thing that receives the
action is called
the object.
Direct and Indirect Objects
· Some verbs have two objects. The direct object receives
the action of the verb.
· The indirect object tells to whomor for whom the action is done.
· The indirect object usually comes before the
direct object.
Positive and Negative Sentences
· A positive sentence tells you that something is so.
· A sentence that tells you something is
not so is called
a
negative sentence.
· It contains a negative word likenot, never, no,
no
one, nobody,
none, or a negativeverb like isn’t or
can’t
or won’t.
Questions
There are two kinds of
questions: yes or no questions
and wh- questions.
Punctuation
Punctuation marks are signs such as periods, commas
and question marks. You use them in sentences to make
the meaning clear.
· You put a full stop at the end of a sentence
· Use a comma between nouns and noun
phrases in
a list.
· An exclamation point is often used after a command,
an
interjection, or a word that shows surprise or
anger.
· Use a question mark after a question.
· Use an apostrophe with an s
(’s)
to show who owns
something.
· The ’s is
added after singular nouns or names.
·
