TET ENGLISH GRAMMAR BY- VIJAY

·      Every name is called a noun,

        As field and fountain, street and town.

·      In place of noun the pronoun stands,

        As he and she can clap their hands.

·      The adjective describes a thing,

         As magic wand or bridal ring.

·      Most verbs mean action, something done,

       To read and write, to jump and run.

·      How things are done the adverbs tell,

       As quickly, slowly, badly, well.

·      The preposition shows relation,

        As in the street or at the station.

·      Conjunctions join, in many ways,

        Sentences, words, or phrase and phrase.

·      The interjection cries out, “Heed!

·      An exclamation point must follow me!”

Nouns

Nouns are divided into common nouns and proper nouns.

Common nouns are words for people, animals, places,

or things. Examples-bag, kite

Proper nouns are names for particular people, places or

things. They always begin with a capital letter.

Examples- American, Indian.

·       The names of mountains, seas, rivers and lakes are

proper nouns.

·       The days of the week and months of the year are proper

nouns.

Pronouns

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a common

noun or a proper noun. There are different kinds of pronouns

Personal Pronouns

·       The words I, you, he, she, it, we and they are called

personal pronouns. They take the place of nouns and

are used as the subject of the verb in a sentence.

·       The words me, you, him, her, it, us and them are also

personal pronouns. They also take the place of nouns.

These pronouns are used as the object of the verb in a

sentence.

Reflexive Pronouns

·       The words myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,

ourselves, yourselves and themselves are called

reflexive pronouns.

·       They refer to the person or animal that is the subject of

the verb.

Interrogative Pronouns

·       The words who, whom, whose, what and which are

called interrogative pronouns.

These pronouns are used to ask questions.

Demonstrative Pronouns

·       The words this, these, that and those are called

demonstrative pronouns. They are showing words

Adjectives

·       An adjective is a describing word. It tells you more about

a noun. An adjective usually appears before the noun

it describes. Sometimes, though, the adjective appears

after the noun, later in the sentence.

Examples- a busy street,a dark corner,a deep sea,a large bed

Adjectives have different endings.

Some adjectives end in -ful or -less.

Examples a beautiful dress, a careless driver, a faithful dog a harmless insect,  a useful tool.

Some adjectives end in -y.

a dirty street, a noisy room, an oily pot, a sleepy passenger a sunny day

Some adjectives end in -ive.

an active child, an attractive hat, a creative toy

Some adjectives end in -ly.

a costly diamond ringan elderly womanlively kittens a lonely boya lovely girla weekly magazine

Here are some adjectives with the endings -able, -al,

-en, -ible, -ish and -ous.

childish behavior a national costume a comfortable chair a musical instrument a dangerous place a terrible mess a foolish act a woolen sweater a horrible smell a wooden table

Kinds of Adjectives

There are different kinds of adjectives.

·       Some adjectives describe the qualities of nouns.

·       Some adjectives tell you which place or country a person

or thing comes from, or belongs to. They are called

adjectives of origin.

·       Some adjectives tell you the color of things.

·       Some adjectives tell you the size of the nouns they

         describe

·       Numbers are adjectives, too. They tell you how many

         people, animals, or things there are. Sometimes they are

         called adjectives of quantity.

·       Other adjectives tell you something about quantity

         without giving you the exact number

Determiners

Determiners are words such as this, those, my, their,

which. They are special adjectives that are used before

nouns.

The Articles

·       The words a, an and the belong to this group of words

called determiners.

·       The words a and an are called indefinite articles. You

can use them with singular nouns to talk about any

single person or thing.

·       The article an is usually used before words

beginning with vowels. The article a is used

before words beginning with consonants

·       The word the is called the definite article. Use the

before a noun when you are talking about a certain

person or thing.

Demonstrative Determiners

The words this, that, these and those are determiners.

They are used to tell which thing or person you mean.

These words are called demonstrative determiners, or

demonstrative adjectives.

Interrogative Determiners

Use the words what, which and whose before nouns

to ask about people or things. These words are called

interrogative determiners or interrrogative adjectives

Possessive Determiners

The words my, your, his, her, its, our, their are called

possessive determiners or posessive adjectives. Use

these words before nouns to say who something

belongs to.

Verbs and Tenses

Most verbs are action words. They tell you what people,

animals or things are doing.

The Simple Present Tense

The simple present tense expresses a general truth or

a customary action.

Examples: The sun rises in the east. Ducks love water. Mary enjoys singing. Peter sometimes lends me his bike. Cows eat grass. Monkeys like bananas.

Am, Is and Are

·       The words am, is, are are also verbs, but they are not

action words. They are the simple present tense of the

verb be.

·       Use am with the pronoun I, and is with the pronouns he,

          she and it.

·       Use are with the pronouns you, we and they.

·       Use the verb is with singular nouns and are with plural

         nouns.

·       Use is and are with the word there to say what you can

         see and hear

The Present Progressive Tense

When do you use the present progressive tense? To talk

about actions in the present, or things that are still going

on or happening now.

Have and Has

The verbs have and has are used to say what people own

or possess. They are also used to talk about things that

people do or get, such as illnesses. These words are the

simple present tense of the verb have.

The Present Perfect Tense

Use the present perfect tense to talk about happenings

in the past that explain or affect the present. The verbs

have and has are used as “helping” or auxiliary verbs to

form the present perfect tense.

Examples: Sam has scored two goals. I’ve just finished my shower. Uncle Tom has lost his wallet. John has gone out.

·       To form the present perfect tense join have or

           has to the past participle of the verb:

           have + past participle

           has + past participle

The past participle of a regular verb usually ends in -ed,

just like the simple past tense. But the past participles of

irregular verbs don’t follow this rule.

The Simple Past Tense

Use the simple past tense to talk about things that

happened in the past. The simple past tense is also

used to talk about things that happened in stories.

Examples: Ram bought a new camera last week. Joe learned to play the guitar very quickly. We drove to the safari park last weekend. The giant panda gave birth to a cub last night.

Regular and Irregular Verbs

The simple past tense of most verbs ends in -ed. These

verbs are called regular verbs.

The simple past form of some verbs does not end in -ed.

Such verbs are called irregular verbs.

Was and Were

The verbs was and were are also forms of the verb be.

Was is the simple past tense of am and is. Use was with

the pronouns I, he, she and it, and with singular nouns

The Past Progressive Tense

Use the past progressive tense to talk about actions that

were going on at a certain moment in the past.

The Future Tense

·       Use the future tense for things that have not happened

         yet, but are going to happen.

·       Use the verbs shall and will as helping verbs or auxiliary verbs to form the future tense

Example: We shall play a game of chess after lunch. You will be sick if you eat too much. I hope it won’t rain tomorrow. Use shall or will with I and we. Use will with you, he, she, it and they

        

Can and Could

The verbs can and could are both helping or auxiliary

verbs. Use can and could to talk about people’s ability

to do things.

Can and could are used with the pronouns I, you, he,

she, it, we and they, and with singular or plural nouns.

Could is the past tense of can

May and Might

·       May and might are helping or auxiliary verbs, too

          Use may to ask if you are allowed to do something,

          or to give someone permission to do something

·       May is also used to talk about things that are likely to

          happen.

·       Might is used as the past tense of may.

Do, Does and Did

·       Use do, does and did to talk about actions.

·       Use do with the pronouns I, you, we and they, and with

         plural nouns. Use does with the pronouns he, she and it,

         and singular nouns.

·       Did is the simple past tense of do and does

         You can also use do, does and did as helping verbs to

         ask and answer questions

·       Use do not, does not and did not to make other verbs

          negative.

Would and Should

·       The verb would is another helping or auxiliary verb.

          Use would as the past tense of will.

·       Should is a helping or auxiliary verb. Use should to

          talk about necessary actions or things that people

          ought to do

Subject-Verb Agreement

When you write a sentence you must make sure that the

subject and the verb agree.

If the subject is a singular noun, or the pronoun he, she

or it, you need a singular verb.

Adverbs

An adverb is a word that describes a verb. It tells you

about an action, or the way something is done.

A lot of adverbs end in -ly.

The dog is barking fiercely. Alice skated beautifully. The Prince and the Princess lived happily ever after

.

Many adverbs are made by adding –ly to

adjectives

Some adverbs describe the way something is done.

They are called adverbs of manner Please write legibly. Please speak clearly. Look closely at these footprints

.

Some adverbs describe when something happens.

They are called adverbs of time.

He often swims in the evening. Lisa is always cheerful. Sometimes I ride my bike to school

Some adverbs tell you where something happens. They

are called adverbs of place.

Example: The children areplaying downstairs  It’s raining. Let’s go inside

Prepositions

·       A preposition is a word that connects one thing with

          another, showing how they are related.

·       Some prepositions tell you about position or place.

·       A preposition is usually followed by a noun or pronoun.

Example: We get up in the morning. We go to bed at night. It’s always hot in summer. It has not rained at all for two weeks.

Conjunctions

A conjunction is a linking word such as and, or, but.

Conjunctions are used to connect words or sentences

The words before, after, as, when, while, until, since,

are also conjunctions. They tell when something

happens, so they are called conjunctions of time.

Interjections

An interjection is a word that expresses a sudden, strong

feeling such as surprise, pain, or pleasure.

Sentences

What is a Sentence?

A sentence is a group of words that expresses a

complete thought. A sentence must have a subject

and a verb, but it may or may not have an object.

A sentence that makes

a statement begins

with a capital letter and

ends with a period.

Kinds of Sentences

There are four kinds of sentences.

A declarative sentence makes a statement.

An interrogative sentence asks a question

An exclamatory sentence expresses strong emotion

An imperative sentence gives an order.

The Imperative

Use the base form of a verb to give commands or

make direct requests. This use of the verb is called the

imperative.

The Subject and the Object

The subject of a sentence sometimes does something

to someone or something else.

The person or thing that receives the action is called

the object.

Direct and Indirect Objects

·       Some verbs have two objects. The direct object receives

          the action of the verb.

·       The indirect object tells to whomor for whom the action is done.

·       The indirect object usually comes before the

          direct object.

Positive and Negative Sentences

·       A positive sentence tells you that something is so.

·       A sentence that tells you something is not so is called

a negative sentence.

·       It contains a negative word likenot, never, no,

no one, nobody, none, or a negativeverb like isn’t or

can’t or won’t.

Questions

There are two kinds of questions: yes or no questions

and wh- questions.

Punctuation

Punctuation marks are signs such as periods, commas

and question marks. You use them in sentences to make

the meaning clear.

·       You put a full stop at the end of a sentence

·       Use a comma between nouns and noun phrases in

         a list.

·       An exclamation point is often used after a command,

         an interjection, or a word that shows surprise or anger.

·       Use a question mark after a question.

·       Use an apostrophe with an s (’s) to show who owns

          something.

·       The ’s is added after singular nouns or names.

·